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Adeniran, M. A.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
Aworinde, O. O.
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
ABSTRACT
Chemical constituents in
Consumer spray products (CSPs) such as insecticides and air fresheners are
often undisclosed on product labels. Non-disclosure of chemical constituents in
CSP poses significant health threat, particularly to women's reproductive health.
This study selected and analyzed fifteen commonly used spray products (nine
insecticides and six air fresheners) from southwestern Nigeria using Agilent
gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). A total of 384 unique compounds
were identified with cyclohexane and its derivatives having the highest
frequency. Some of the compounds prevalent in the analysed samples are
dodecane, D-limonene, and acetic acid. Substantial discrepancies were observed
between labeled and detected ingredients. The study demonstrated that
insecticides samples have an average of 73.5% undisclosed ingredients, while
air fresheners had an average of 54.6% undisclosed chemical composition. Some
of the identified hidden chemicals are endocrine disruptors while some are
linked to negative reproductive outcomes for women of reproductive age. This
study has provided important data that could serves as a basis to develop long
lasting effective and efficient control strategies to reduce exposure in
Nigeria.
Keywords: Spray products, Undisclosed ingredients, GC/MS, Volatile organic compounds, Endocrine disruptors, Reproductive health, Nigeria
https://doi.org/10.33922/j.ujet_v11i2_14
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Published
Monday, July 14, 2025
Issue
Vol. 11 No. 2, December 2025
Article Section
GENERAL
The contents of the articles are the sole opinion of the author(s) and not of UJET.
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